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Malaria Through the Ages: A Historical Overview

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Biology of Malaria Transmission

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Life cycle of malaria parasites—Asexual cycle in humans

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Public Health & Epidemics

HIV Treatment Adherence in India: 5 Critical Challenges

Challenges to HIV treatment adherence in India stem from socioeconomic, behavioral, and systemic factors, despite free ART availability through NACO programs. Adherence rates hover around 70%, below the 95% needed for optimal viral suppression. Socioeconomic Barriers Financial issues like travel costs, unemployment, debt, and economic dependency often lead to missed doses or clinic visits, even […]

  • krushna
  • May 6, 2026
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  • 67 Views
Communicable Diseases

Hepatitis B Virus: 5 Critical Structural Components

The hepatitis B virus (HBV) has a relatively simple but highly organized structure centered around a small DNA-containing core wrapped in an envelope. Overall Particle Forms Dane Particle (42 nm) Dane particle (42 nm): The complete, infectious virion is about 42 nm in diameter, with an outer lipid envelope and an inner icosahedral nucleocapsid. Subviral […]

  • krushna
  • April 23, 2026
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  • 78 Views
Communicable Diseases

Life Cycle and Morphology of Hepatitis B: 4 Critical Facts

The hepatitis B virus (HBV) has a complex life cycle that mainly takes place inside liver cells (hepatocytes). It involves attachment and entry into the cell, formation of a stable “template” DNA, RNA-mediated replication using reverse transcription, assembly of new virus particles, and release from the cell. What Is the Life Cycle of the Hepatitis […]

  • krushna
  • April 23, 2026
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  • 80 Views
Communicable Diseases

Hepatitis B Vaccination Schedule: 5 Critical Facts You Need

WHO’s latest hepatitis B vaccination guidelines emphasize universal infant immunization to prevent transmission. The most recent position paper, updated in 2024, prioritizes timely birth dosing and catch-up vaccination. All infants receive the first monovalent HBV vaccine dose within 24 hours of birth, even if they are premature or low birth weight. This is followed by […]

  • krushna
  • April 20, 2026
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  • 74 Views
Communicable Diseases

Types of Hepatitis: 5 Amazing & Critical Health Facts

When exploring the various types of hepatitis, it becomes clear that viral hepatitis is a widespread liver inflammation categorized into five primary types: A, B, C, D, and E. While types A and E typically spread through contaminated food and water causing acute illness, types B, C, and D are transmitted via infected bodily fluids […]

  • krushna
  • April 14, 2026
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  • 74 Views
Public Health & Epidemics

HPV Life Cycle and Structure: 5 Critical Stages

Structure and Life Cycle Of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Human papillomavirus (HPV) has a small, non-enveloped, icosahedral DNA structure from the Papillomaviridae family. It measures 52-55 nm in diameter and consists of a protein capsid surrounding a circular, double-stranded DNA genome of about 7500 to 8000 base pairs. It primarily infects epithelial cells in skin and […]

  • krushna
  • April 9, 2026
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  • 85 Views
Public Health & Epidemics

HPV Vaccination: 7 Essential Facts

HPV Vaccination. HPV Vaccination Types and Recommended Ages Main HPV Vaccine Types Globally, three main HPV vaccines are used; all are non-live, recombinant vaccines given as injections (usually in the arm). Bivalent (2-valent) HPV Vaccine Protects against HPV 16 and 18 (high-risk types causing most cervical cancers). Quadrivalent HPV Vaccine (Gardasil-type) Protects against HPV 6, […]

  • krushna
  • April 6, 2026
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  • 72 Views
Public Health & Epidemics

10 Proven Facts About Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a group of more than 100 related DNA viruses that infect the skin and mucous membranes, primarily causing warts and some types of cancers. It is the most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide. HPV is classified into low-risk (non-cancerous) and high-risk (oncogenic) types based on their potential to cause cancer. It […]

  • krushna
  • April 6, 2026
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  • 81 Views
Public Health & Epidemics

Life Cycle of Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)

The life cycle of herpes simplex virus (HSV) is generally divided into four main phases: attachment and entry, lytic (productive) replication, establishment of latency, and reactivation. 📌 Key Takeaways: Life Cycle of Herpes Simplex Virus Attachment and Entry HSV first binds to receptors on the surface of host epithelial cells, e.g., oral or genital mucosa, […]

  • krushna
  • April 2, 2026
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  • 102 Views
Public Health & Epidemics

HSV Structure: 5 Perfect Facts to Easily Understand Layers

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) has a multilayered enveloped structure typical of herpesviruses, with a double-stranded DNA genome packaged inside an icosahedral capsid, surrounded by a tegument and then by a lipid envelope. It features a large, enveloped icosahedral virion about 150 nm to 200 nm in diameter. Structural Organization of Herpes Simplex Virus Four Main […]

  • krushna
  • March 23, 2026
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  • 83 Views

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