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Malaria Through the Ages: A Historical Overview

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Biology of Malaria Transmission

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Life cycle of malaria parasites—Asexual cycle in humans

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Communicable Diseases

7 Critical Hantavirus Facts

  • May 19, 2026
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7 Important Structural Differences Between HIV-1 and

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Communicable Diseases

Advantages of Triple Drug Therapy as Compared

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Public Health & Epidemics

Structures Of HIV Virus

The HIV virus has a spherical structure about 100 to 120 nm in diameter, featuring a lipid envelope, protein matrix, conical capsid, and internal RNA genome with enzymes. Outer Envelope The envelope derives from the host cell membrane and contains glycoprotein spikes: gp120 (surface unit for host cell attachment) and gp41 (transmembrane unit for fusion). […]

  • krushna
  • May 11, 2026
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Public Health & Epidemics

HIV and AIDS: 7 Powerful and Important Differences You Must Know

HIV is a virus that infects and progressively weakens the immune system by targeting CD4 cells, while AIDS is the advanced stage of HIV infection when the immune system is severely damaged. Differences Between HIV and AIDS Aspect HIV AIDS Nature Virus (human immunodeficiency virus) that spreads via bodily fluids Syndrome (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), a […]

  • krushna
  • May 7, 2026
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  • 29 Views
Public Health & Epidemics

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that attacks the immune system, specifically targeting CD4 cells, which weakens the body’s ability to fight infections. Key Takeaways: Understanding HIV & Prevention What Is Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)? Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) causes progressive immune deficiency, potentially leading to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) if untreated. AIDS represents […]

  • krushna
  • May 6, 2026
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  • 31 Views
Public Health & Epidemics

Challenges in HIV Treatment Adherence in India

Challenges to HIV treatment adherence in India stem from socioeconomic, behavioral, and systemic factors, despite free ART availability through NACO programs. Adherence rates hover around 70%, below the 95% needed for optimal viral suppression. Socioeconomic Barriers Financial issues like travel costs, unemployment, debt, and economic dependency often lead to missed doses or clinic visits, even […]

  • krushna
  • May 6, 2026
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  • 34 Views
Communicable Diseases

Key Structures of Hepatitis B Virus

The hepatitis B virus (HBV) has a relatively simple but highly organized structure centered around a small DNA-containing core wrapped in an envelope. Overall Particle Forms Dane Particle (42 nm) Dane particle (42 nm): The complete, infectious virion is about 42 nm in diameter, with an outer lipid envelope and an inner icosahedral nucleocapsid. Subviral […]

  • krushna
  • April 23, 2026
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  • 44 Views
Communicable Diseases

Life Cycle and Morphology of Hepatitis B: 4 Critical Facts

The hepatitis B virus (HBV) has a complex life cycle that mainly takes place inside liver cells (hepatocytes). It involves attachment and entry into the cell, formation of a stable “template” DNA, RNA-mediated replication using reverse transcription, assembly of new virus particles, and release from the cell. What Is the Life Cycle of the Hepatitis […]

  • krushna
  • April 23, 2026
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Communicable Diseases

Vaccination for Hepatitis B

WHO’s latest hepatitis B vaccination guidelines emphasize universal infant immunization to prevent transmission. The most recent position paper, updated in 2024, prioritizes timely birth dosing and catch-up vaccination. All infants receive the first monovalent HBV vaccine dose within 24 hours of birth, even if they are premature or low birth weight. This is followed by […]

  • krushna
  • April 20, 2026
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Communicable Diseases

Understanding the Types of Hepatitis: A, B, C, D, & E

Viral hepatitis is a widespread liver inflammation categorized into five primary types: A, B, C, D, and E. While types A and E typically spread through contaminated food and water causing acute illness, types B, C, and D are transmitted via infected bodily fluids and can lead to life-threatening chronic conditions like cirrhosis and liver […]

  • krushna
  • April 14, 2026
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  • 38 Views
Public Health & Epidemics

Structure and Life Cycle Of Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

Structure and Life Cycle Of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Human papillomavirus (HPV) has a small, non-enveloped, icosahedral DNA structure from the Papillomaviridae family. It measures 52-55 nm in diameter and consists of a protein capsid surrounding a circular, double-stranded DNA genome of about 7500 to 8000 base pairs. It primarily infects epithelial cells in skin and […]

  • krushna
  • April 9, 2026
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Public Health & Epidemics

HPV Vaccination: 7 Essential Facts

HPV Vaccination. HPV Vaccination Types and Recommended Ages Main HPV Vaccine Types Globally, three main HPV vaccines are used; all are non-live, recombinant vaccines given as injections (usually in the arm). Bivalent (2-valent) HPV Vaccine Protects against HPV 16 and 18 (high-risk types causing most cervical cancers). Quadrivalent HPV Vaccine (Gardasil-type) Protects against HPV 6, […]

  • krushna
  • April 6, 2026
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  • 39 Views

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