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Public Health & Epidemics

Temperature increase: Effects on the fetus in pregnant women

Heat exposure during pregnancy can affect both the mother and the fetus, and the main fetal concerns are preterm birth, stillbirth, low birth weight, and—when exposure happens early in pregnancy—some birth defects. The risk rises with hotter temperatures, longer exposure, dehydration, and poor access to cooling. Definitions: Effects on fetus: High maternal heat exposure has […]

Communicable Diseases

Epidemiological factors of ascariasis

Ascariasis is driven by a combination of environmental, behavioral, and socioeconomic factors that favor transmission and persistence of Ascaris lumbricoides in human populations. Key epidemiological factors: 1. Environmental conditions: 2. Sanitation and hygiene: 3. Socioeconomic factors: 4. Behavioral factors: 5. Host factors: 6. Co-infections: Problem of Ascariasis in India: Ascariasis remains a significant public health […]

Communicable Diseases

Life Cycle and Morphology of Ascaris lumbricoides (Ascariasis)

1. Life Cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides The life cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides is completed in a single human host, with eggs developing in the external environment, i.e., in soil. Ascariasis Life Cycle Stages of the Life Cycle: 1. Eggs in faces (non-infective stage): 2. Development in soil (embryonation): 3. Ingestion of infective eggs (human infection): […]

Communicable Diseases

Ancient History of Leprosy

Ancient History of Leprosy Kushtha in ancient Indian medicine was not limited to what is called leprosy today. It was a broad term used for several chronic skin diseases. Mahakushtha or Maharog meant a severe or major form of Kushtha; therefore, it is not correct to assume that every condition described as Kushtha in ancient […]

Communicable Diseases

Life cycle of microbacterium leprae

Mycobacterium leprae (Hansen’s bacillus) is an obligate intracellular, acid-fast, rod-shaped bacterium that causes leprosy (Hansen’s disease). Unlike most bacteria, it has never been successfully cultured on artificial media and has an extremely slow replication rate and highly host-dependent life cycle centered on macrophages and Schwann cells. with a doubling time of about 12 to 14 […]

Communicable Diseases

Mycobacterium leprae: 4 Critical Structural Components

Mycobacterium leprae (the causative agent of leprosy/Hansen’s disease) is a straight or slightly curved, slender, acid-fast bacillus with a distinctive multilayered cell envelope and several structural adaptations for intracellular survival. Gross morphology and basic features Mycobacterium leprae in lepromatous leprosy, seen by modified AFB Wade Fite staining at 100X magnification. Microscopic view of numerous red, […]

Public Health & Epidemics

Leprosy: 5 Critical Facts on Hansen’s Disease & MDT

Leprosy (Hansen’s Disease) is a chronic, curable infectious disease caused mainly by Mycobacterium leprae, affecting skin, peripheral nerves, mucosa of the upper respiratory tract, and eyes; early diagnosis and multidrug therapy (MDT) prevent disability and stop transmission. 📌 Key Takeaways: Leprosy (Hansen’s Disease) Definition: Causative Agents and Transmission: 1. Causative agent 2. Mode of Transmission: […]

Public Health & Epidemics

Impact of Stratified Water on Deep-Sea Biodiversity Recovery 

Stratified water columns strongly constrain deep-sea biodiversity recovery by limiting the supply of oxygen and organic matter to the seafloor, slowing recolonization after disturbances such as trawling, mining, or oxygen depletion events.   How stratification affects deep-sea ecosystems Water column stratification creates stable layers (thermocline, pycnocline) that inhibit vertical mixing between surface and deep waters. […]

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