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Public Health & Epidemics

10 Proven Facts About Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a group of more than 100 related DNA viruses that infect the skin and mucous membranes, primarily causing warts and some types of cancers. It is the most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide. HPV is classified into low-risk (non-cancerous) and high-risk (oncogenic) types based on their potential to cause cancer. It […]

Public Health & Epidemics

Life Cycle of Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)

The life cycle of herpes simplex virus (HSV) is generally divided into four main phases: attachment and entry, lytic (productive) replication, establishment of latency, and reactivation. 📌 Key Takeaways: Life Cycle of Herpes Simplex Virus Attachment and Entry HSV first binds to receptors on the surface of host epithelial cells, e.g., oral or genital mucosa, […]

Public Health & Epidemics

Structures of Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) has a multilayered enveloped structure typical of herpesviruses, with a double-stranded DNA genome packaged inside an icosahedral capsid, surrounded by a tegument and then by a lipid envelope. It features a large, enveloped icosahedral virion about 150 nm to 200 nm in diameter. Structural Organization of Herpes Simplex Virus Four Main […]

Public Health & Epidemics

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a common, contagious virus from the herpesviridae family that causes lifelong infections, primarily oral or genital sores. Definition HSV is a double-stranded DNA virus that infects humans, establishing latency in nerve cells after initial infection and reactivating periodically. Causes It spreads via direct skin-to-skin contact, including kissing, oral sex, or […]

Public Health & Epidemics

Role of Trichomoniasis in HIV Transmission.

How Does Trichomoniasis Increase HIV Transmission Risk How does Trichomoniasis increase HIV transmission risk? Trichomoniasis heightens HIV transmission risk by causing genital inflammation and mucosal damage, creating easier entry points for the virus during sexual contact. Studies quantify this as roughly a 1.5-fold increase in HIV acquisition odds. Biological Mechanisms The parasite induces inflammation, drawing […]

Public Health & Epidemics

Trichomoniasis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention

Trichomoniasis, often called “trich,” is a common sexually transmitted infection caused by the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. It primarily affects the genital tract, leading to vaginitis in women with symptoms like persistent discharge, itching, and burning during urination, though many cases, up to 70%, are asymptomatic. Definition Trichomoniasis is an infectious disease caused by the protozoan […]

Public Health & Epidemics

Treponema Pallidum: Structure and Life Cycle Of Syphilis

Treponema pallidum, the bacterium causing syphilis, has a distinctive helical spirochete structure adapted for motility and host invasion. Structure of Treponema pallidum Cell Morphology It appears as a thin 0.1 to 0.2 μm diameter, flexible, coiled rod 6 to 20 μm long with 6 to 14 regular spirals; it is non-motile outside the host but […]

Public Health & Epidemics

Syphilis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention

Syphilis is a bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by Treponema pallidum, progressing through stages if untreated. Definition Syphilis is a systemic bacterial infection primarily spread through sexual contact, capable of causing severe organ damage if not treated early. Causes It is spread via vaginal, anal, or oral sex; from mother to baby during pregnancy […]

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