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Communicable Diseases

An Ancient History of Japanese Encephalitis Fever

Def:- JEV is an enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus that belongs to the genus Flavivirus (group-B arbovirus) within the family Flaviviridae. It is primarily transmitted to humans by the infective bite of Culex Vishnoi group mosquitoes, with pigs, horses, and water birds acting as important reservoir hosts. JEV causes inflammation of the brain (encephalitis) and […]

Sign and symptoms of chikungunya fever
Communicable Diseases

Sign and symptoms of chikungunya fever

Chikungunya fever typically begins abruptly 3-7 days after the bite of an infected female Aedes mosquito with the following key signs and symptoms: Rare but serious complications can include uveitis, retinitis, myocarditis, hepatitis, nephritis, and neurological complications like meningoencephalitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and cranial nerve palsies.  Severe disease and complications are more common in neonates (infected around […]

Communicable Diseases

Transmission Cycle of  Chikungunya Virus 

CHIKV Transmission Cycle (Human-Aedes-Human-Aedes) The transmission cycle of Chikungunya fever primarily involves the bite of infected female Aedes mosquitoes, mainly Aedes aegypti & Aedes albopictus. This cycle circulates in two transmission ways: an enzootic sylvatic cycle in Africa and Asia involving forest mosquitoes and nonhuman primates (e.g., African monkeys, rodents, and birds act as amplification […]

Communicable Diseases

Key Structure Of Chikungunya Virus

Chikungunya Virus Structure The ‘Chikungunya virus  (CHIKV)’ is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the genus Alphavirus and the family ‘Togavirus.’ Its virion size ranges from 60 nm to 70 nm in diameter, and it has an icosahedral capsid structure surrounded by a lipid envelope. Key Structure Component 1) Genome Approximately 11.6 kb […]

Ancient History of Chikungunya Fever
Communicable Diseases

Ancient History of Chikungunya Fever

A) Ancient History of Chikungunya Fever  disease was first formally described in detail during an outbreak in 1952-1953 on the Makonde Plateau in the country of Tanzania. The name Chikungunya comes from the Mokonde language, meaning “that which bends up,” referring to the severe joint pain causing contorted postures in patients.  In the 18th century chikungunya […]

Treatment of Dengue Fever
Communicable Diseases

Treatment of Dengue Fever

Prevention is better than cure. No drug or vaccine is available for the treatment of dengue/DHF. The control of the Aedes aegypti mosquito is the only method of choice. With early detection and proper case management and systematic treatment, mortality can be reduced substantially. Main Principles of Treatment Care for Severe Dengue Special Considerations Important […]

Communicable Diseases

Aedes Mosquito Survey Method

To collect adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes from house to house, trained insect collectors follow specific methods with attention to timing and mosquito behavior. A) Ideal Method OR Insect collectors should collect mosquitoes daily at 10 houses. Spend 15 minutes at each house, collecting mosquitoes for a total duration of 2:30 hours.Store the collected mosquitoes in […]

Communicable Diseases

Guidelines For Preparing Temephos Mother Solution 

The following are the guidelines for preparing and using the temephos mother solution to control the larvae and pupae of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes found in clean water storage containers.  This mother solution is to be prepared for use in clean water storage places such as cement tanks, wells, clay tanks, barrels, drums, and similar sites […]

Communicable Diseases

Fogging guidelines for dengue fever survey

Fogging guidelines for dengue fever vector (Aedes egypti) control focus on timely, targeted application of insecticides to reduce Aedes mosquito populations and interrupt virus transmission. Details of operational principles commonly recommended in dengue fever outbreaks are given below. Method for Door-to-Door Fogging in the Village:   Indoor fogging should be conducted to kill Aedes aegypti mosquitoes […]

Communicable Diseases

Tourniquet Test for Dengue Fever

The World Health Organization has included the use of the tourniquet test for the diagnosis of dengue infection. The accuracy of the tourniquet test for dengue fever varies, with some studies showing a sensitivity of around 90% and a specificity of about 72%, while others report a lower sensitivity of around 60% and a higher […]

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